Background: Chondromalacia patella is the most common cause of mechanical knee pain in young women. Q angle and knee alignment are important clinical parameters for biomechanics of the patellofemoral joint.Objective: To identify the prevalence of knee misalignment and to find out if there is a correlation between knee misalignment and Q angle with age at onset of disease.Methods: All patients under 40 years old complaining of mechanical knee pain with positive shrug sign and normal knee radiography who were referred to Amir A'lam Rheumatology Clinic during the period of September 2000 to September 2002 were included in this study. The patients were examined by a rheumatologist for measuring Q angle and detection of knee misalignment. Age at onset of disease was defined as initiation of knee pain according to the patient's history.Results: The cases were 260 with 189 females. Prevalence of knee malalignment was 32.4%. The mean age at onset of disease was 22.8±7.08 years. The mean age at onset in patients with knee misalignment (21.41±5.66 years) was significantly lower than the mean age at onset in those without knee misalignment (23.6±7.43 years) (p= 0.002). There was a positive correlation between Q angle and age at onset of disease (r=0.17, p= 0.006).Conclusion: It seems reasonable to identify knee ma1alignment in chondromalacia patella patients and perform proper management to postpone progression of disease. There are many other factors that influence age at onset of disease, so further investigation is recommended.

Nowadays exchange rate management and eliminating its deviation is one of the main challenges of policy makers in countries such as Iran. Because any abnormal fluctuation and deviation of exchange rate can affect other economic sectors negatively. This article tried to evaluate exchange rate misalignment in Iran in context of inflation regimes in favor of reality of results. To do that by applying Markov Switching technique inflationary regimes which have taken place in Iran’ s economy over period of 1990-2017 were extracted and consequently by applying a monetary exchange rate determination approach nominal exchange rate misalignment has been calculated. The results imply that in high inflationary regime the absolute value of misalignment is much greater than low inflationary regime. Meanwhile when in low inflationary regime a positive inflation shock on nominal exchange rate has an increasing but degenerating impact, but in high inflationary regime it leads to a persistent great increase in nominal exchange rate that continues for ever. These findings could have useful policy implications for authorities.

In this study, social dimensions of obstacles to achieve alignment in IT and business have been identified through a case study in the Post Bank of Iran. The data have been collected through conducting 10 interviews with experts in both fields of IT and business as well as reviewing some internal documents of the bank. In this study, 20 of the main obstacles and problems of achieving alignment were identified. The findings of the study showed that “ lack of joint strategic planning” , “ organizational units’ inappropriate understanding about each other” , “ unsuitable administrative structure of the bank” , “ lack of a strong Organization and Methods office” , “ lack of precise definition of tasks and roles in projects” , and “ limited cooperation and lack of mutual support in achieving alignment between IT and business” are among the main obstacles to achieve alignment. Understanding these obstacles, while providing background for future studies on achieving alignment considering its social dimensions for researchers, helps organizations make effective efforts to bring about an alignment between IT and business by identifying these obstacles.

Fluctuations and instability in key economic variables, including economic growth, productivity, international trade, prices, and government expenditure, can lead to deviations of the real exchange rate from its equilibrium level. Furthermore, external factors such as multi-rate currency systems and financial sanctions can exacerbate these deviations. These exchange rate misalignments exert significant impacts on investment, economic growth and development, trade flows, balance of payments equilibrium, optimal resource allocation, and other crucial economic variables and indicators. Given the historical prevalence of exchange rate fluctuations within the Iranian economy and the profound impact of these deviations on the country's economic performance, this study investigates the determinants of the real exchange rate and the mechanisms through which deviations arise. Subsequently, it examines the potential impact of exchange rate policies, specifically exchange rate unification, on mitigating these deviations from the equilibrium level. To this end, utilizing time series data on key macroeconomic variables spanning the period from 1975 to 2020, an empirical model of real exchange rate deviation is estimated employing the Vector Autoregression (VAR) method. The empirical findings demonstrate a significant response of exchange rate deviations to the implementation of exchange rate policies, particularly through exchange rate unification or improvements in institutional quality within the specified timeframe. The overall results suggest that an optimal exchange rate policy, achieved through exchange rate unification, contributes to dampening real exchange rate deviations and fostering greater exchange rate stability.

In this paper, the dynamic response of a three-rotor flexible coupling to the angular misalignment has been studied. The coupling is a power transmission agent between the motor and gearbox, in the power transmission system of SAG Mill (semi autogenously mill) in the Gol-e-Gohar iron ore complex in Sirjan, Iran. Degrees of freedom of the system are the model's lateral deflections and the rigid-body linear motions. The equations of motion are obtained by using the Lagrange equations through successive partial differentiation of the kinetic and potential energies. In the dynamic model, the middle rotor is considered as an eccentric flexible Jeffcott rotor. The gearbox input shaft is considered to be angularly misaligned with respect to the motor shaft. Diagrams of the amplitudes versus the frequency ratio reveal the system dynamic response to the angular misalignment.

The effective real exchange rate is one of the variables that can misalignment from equilibrium values, Performance affects macroeconomic indicators and creates an unstable and uncertain environment in the economy. Therefore, in order to investigate the factors affecting the real effective exchange rate misalignment in OPEC member countries during the period 1980-1980, first, in the framework of the least dynamic ordinary squares method (DOLS), the effective factors for determining the effective equilibrium effective exchange rate have been investigated and the results confirm the estimation of the positive effects of oil shocks on the intensification of exchange rate misalignment. Then, the effect of institutional quality indicators and financial development index on exchange rate misalignment is investigated using the generalized panel method (GMM). The results of estimation at this stage indicate that the financial development index has a positive impact and institutional quality indicators, including; The stability of the state (rule of law), the ability to account democratically (democracy), social and economic conditions (political rights and civil liberties) have had a significant negative effect on the real effective exchange rate misalignment. Therefore, programs and policies in the countries under study should focus on improving the quality of market regulation, government accountability for its performance, and ensuring political and economic stability.

In this paper, the nonlinear vibration behavior of a rotor with asymmetric shaft considering misalignment is studied. The system consists of a rectangular shaft and a disk, which is connected to a motor through a flexible coupling. In order to consider higher order deformations, nonlinear Bernoulli beam is used for modeling the shaft. Gibbons’ equations are utilized to apply misaligned coupling forces. The equations of motion of the system are derived using the Lagrangian method and then discretized by the Rayleigh-Ritz method. In order to solve nonlinear equations and hence obtaining nonlinear responses, multiple scales method is used. The vibration behavior of the system near the resonance frequencies is studied by taking into account various parameters including unbalance forces and the effect of the asymmetry of cross section of the shaft. The analytical results are consistent with those of numerical method with a good accuracy. In addition, the effects of variations of the system parameters on the rotor vibration behavior have been shown graphically. In the end, the changes in the various parameters of the system and their effects on the rotor vibration response are discussed.